 | BACKGROUND: At least since the last glaciation of the Pleistocene, the two U.S. species of genus Torreya have been found only in California and along the Apalachicola River of the Florida panhandle. Nonetheless it is postulated that the Apalachicola species of Torreya (T. taxifolia) would have been native to the southern Appalachians and possibly further north during previous interglacials and warm epochs of the Cenozoic.
Torreya Guardians began moving Torreya taxifolia into regrowth forests on private land in NORTH CAROLINA in 2008. Soon thereafter, the effort expanded into field tests in OHIO. In 2014, seeds were planted in two regrowth forests in MICHIGAN — but apparently at too shallow a depth to remain undetected by rodents. In later years, all seeds were either germinated in pots first, or seeds directly planted at least 4 inches deep. LEFT: As of 2022, 4 outdoor sites in Michigan entailed viable experiments. The aim is to ascertain just how far north Torreya can survive (possibly thrive) in today's climate, in expectation that conditions will continue to warm in the decades ahead. There is value in establishing "left-behind" tree species as far north as possible to ensure viability later in this century. |
Note how the map above shows the Great Lakes creating a diverse patterning of "plant zones" for testing Torreya in the state of Michigan (USDA 2012). Green zones are the warmest places.
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• CAPAC ("thumb" of Mich.)
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In April 2017, Torreya Guardians sent Paul Camire 200 Florida Torreya seeds from the autumn 2016 Medford OR ex situ harvest. Paul has "a 45-acre forest, and with the loss of the ash trees to the emerald ash borer I am looking to replant with conifers. The woods has white oak, beech, linden, red oak, swamp white oak, witch hazel, etc." Paul has also been experimenting with Giant Sequoia, Franklinia, and American Chestnut. July 2018 Paul reported the first tiny seedlings: just three at that time. By Sept 2018 a total of 9 had germinated. Crucially, he planted all of them 4-6 inches deep, which seems to be the key to success. See VIDEOS, PHOTOS, and ongoing DOCUMENTATION at Capac MI torreya webapge. PHOTO LEFT TOP: A 2-part video of Paul Camire's torreya plantings, filmed by Connie Barlow June 2019 PHOTO LEFT BOTTOM: Paul also planted potted seedlings from several sources to encourage genetic diversity at his site. His tallest torreyas thus come from the potted seedlings. |
• YPSILANTI
Connie Barlow founded Torreya Guardians in 2005, while she and her husband (Michael Dowd) lived on the road. Consequently, she had no homesite in which to plant, tend, and monitor Torreyas.
September 2020 Barlow and Dowd's itinerant lifestyle came to an end. They settled in Connie's home state, and rented an apartment two blocks from their new grand-daughter in Ypsilanti. Renters have no property. Worse, overpopulated deer destroyed edible horticultural plantings in the area (indeed, almost everywhere in Michigan). The only deer-free zone was in the densely populated downtown area, where Connie lived. There she saw an unusual opportunity.
Here was an opportunity for guerrilla rewilding: planting seeds into a forlorn public landscape.
• LAKE MICHIGAN SHORE
1. MUSKEGON (Montague) - Peter Bane and Keith Johnson are permaculturalists who received from Connie Barlow 40 seeds in September 2014, from the 2013 harvest. All were germinated in a greenhouse, and the survivors outplanted. As of July 2022, 3 were still alive (heavily browsed by herbivores) in nearly full-sun settings. (PINK STAR)
2. LUDINGTON (Fountain) - Julia Chambers lives in a forested rural landscape, with a great many deer. Her immediate area is mostly forest, with several small lakes nearby. To the west is mostly farm fields, with some woodlots. To the east is national forest. She received and planted one newly germinated seedling from Connie Barlow in July 2015. The one seedling is still alive 7 years later, July 2022. (DARK PINK STAR)
In 2021 and 2022 Connie began planting Torreya seeds into patches of deep soil on the steep forested slopes of the Huron River, where it passed through downtown. Strewn with old industrial debris and discarded chunks of concrete and asphalt, these slopes had nonetheless acquired some native deciduous trees, even while the subcanopy was missing — or dominated by the exotic invasive Amur Honeysuckle.
Two locations near the shore of Lake Michigan:
Editor's note: Any seeds planted prior to 2017 would have been shallow planted, which we later learned was a guarantee of seed-predation by rodents. As in science, "negative results" are crucial to report, so these 100% losses are among the examples listed below.
ALPENA, MI: In spring of 2014 Halsey Barlow planted 40 seeds on the property of her parents (Bill and Peggy Barlow) along the Lake Huron shore (barely zone 5b). Provenance of seeds: 4 from 2012 harvest, 34 from 2013 harvest, 2 from Mt Olive NC tree 2013, 2 from Clinton NC tree 2013, 2 (underripe/sticky) from Spencer NC. OUTCOME: No seedlings visible in subsequent years.
LUDINGTON, MI: In September 2014, Connie Barlow free-planted 30 T. taxifolia seeds from the 2013 harvest directly into the soil of regrowth forest (oak-maple-beech canopy, with some intermixed hemlock) near the Lake Michigan shore of the lower peninsula (property of Dave and Chrissy Hall). She posted a VIDEO of her planting. OUTCOME: No seedlings visible as of 2018.
TRAVERSE CITY, MI: In June 2015, property owner Andrew Hogarth and Connie Barlow free-planted 100 T. taxifolia seeds from the 2014 harvest directly into the soil of regrowth forest southwest of Traverse City (barely plant zone 6a). All seeds were shallow planted. The canopy was largely red oak and sugar maple, with some hop hornbeam as subcanopy. OUTCOME: Andrew and Connie joined for a site visit again in July 2018; no seedlings were visible.
April 2017 Connie Barlow mailed 240 seeds from the 2016 Medford Oregon ex situ harvest. Liana reported by email 15 April 2017: "Planted most of the seeds out today in a warm thunderstorm, eight groups across three locations with different aspects and slightly different wetnesses. I planted 25 in pots as well. Since there were so many mole tunnels even on the steepest slopes, I planted all seeds 4 to 6 inches in depth. I'm going to raise the potted ones at my house and see how they germinate, and if they do well I'll plant them out with tree tubes."
During a site visit Connie Barlow made 26 July 2018, 3 tiny seedlings were documented by video: Go to Leelanau Peninsula torreya webapge for the site visit information and video, as well as future reports. NO TORREYA AS OF 2022.
LEELAUNAW PENINSULA (Empire, MI)
Spring of 2017, Liana May contacted Torreya Guardians regarding possible planting of Torreya seeds on 40 acres of forested land (sugar maple, beech, ash) on upper slopes of a large end moraine. The land has a conservation easement and is nearby thousands of acres of private and national park forested lands. The Leelanau Conservancy approved the planting of seeds in March 2017.
Contact Connie Barlow OR
Contact Fred Bess
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